I used the method Dave suggested a lot. I'm just mounted a NAS SAMBA share on my ClearOS server. Works very well.

If you have a share set up on your Windows workstation, you can use the smbclient command line process to copy things. You can even mount a share locally in Linux using the 'cifs' filesystem type:

mount -t cifs -o username=<share user>,password=<share password> //WIN_PC_IP/<share name> /mnt

i simply use winscp for transfering files back and forth

Samba server on clearOS, thumb drive, ftp....

You must have some sort of daemon (or service) running on the windows machine that is listening and capable of file transfer if you want to start from the Linux end. Some examples...

An active share on the windows machine and mount on the Linux m/c using cifs
Run an ftp service on the windows machine
Install cygwin and ssh on Windows and use the "scp" program
Create a VPN between the two machines
etc etc

Each comes with its own unique set of network (such as port forwarding thru a NAT maybe) and security requirements...